tests: py3k related fixes - bytes/str

Adjust usage of bytes vs str type.

qubes/tests/integ/backup.py

@@ -80,16 +80,16 @@ class BackupTestsMixin(qubes.tests.SystemTestsMixin):
         block_size = 4096
 
         self.log.debug("Filling %s" % path)
-        f = open(path, 'w+')
+        f = open(path, 'wb+')
         if size is None:
             f.seek(0, 2)
             size = f.tell()
         f.seek(0)
 
-        for block_num in range(size/block_size):
+        for block_num in range(int(size/block_size)):
             if sparse:
                 f.seek(block_size, 1)
-            f.write('a' * block_size)
+            f.write(b'a' * block_size)
 
         f.close()
 
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ class BackupTestsMixin(qubes.tests.SystemTestsMixin):
                     continue
                 vol_path = vm.storage.get_pool(volume).export(volume)
                 hasher = hashlib.sha1()
-                with open(vol_path) as afile:
+                with open(vol_path, 'rb') as afile:
                     for buf in iter(lambda: afile.read(4096000), b''):
                         hasher.update(buf)
                 hashes[vm.name][name] = hasher.hexdigest()

qubes/tests/integ/basic.py

@@ -502,7 +502,7 @@ class TC_30_Gui_daemon(qubes.tests.SystemTestsMixin, qubes.tests.QubesTestCase):
         # And compare the result
         (test_output, _) = testvm2.run('cat test.txt',
                                        passio_popen=True).communicate()
-        self.assertEquals(test_string, test_output.strip())
+        self.assertEquals(test_string, test_output.strip().decode('ascii'))
 
         clipboard_content = \
             open('/var/run/qubes/qubes-clipboard.bin', 'r').read().strip()

qubes/tests/integ/devices_pci.py

@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ class TC_00_Devices_PCI(qubes.tests.SystemTestsMixin,
         # get a dict: BDF -> description
         actual_devices = dict(
             l.split(' (')[0].split(' ', 1)
-                for l in p.communicate()[0].splitlines())
+                for l in p.communicate()[0].decode().splitlines())
         for dev in self.app.domains[0].devices['pci']:
             self.assertIsInstance(dev, qubes.ext.pci.PCIDevice)
             self.assertEqual(dev.backend_domain, self.app.domains[0])

qubes/tests/integ/dispvm.py

@@ -72,9 +72,9 @@ class TC_04_DispVM(qubes.tests.SystemTestsMixin,
         self.testvm.start()
 
         p = self.testvm.run("qvm-run --dispvm bash; true", passio_popen=True)
-        p.stdin.write("qubesdb-read /name\n")
-        p.stdin.write("echo ERROR\n")
-        p.stdin.write("sudo poweroff\n")
+        p.stdin.write(b"qubesdb-read /name\n")
+        p.stdin.write(b"echo ERROR\n")
+        p.stdin.write(b"sudo poweroff\n")
         # do not close p.stdin on purpose - wait to automatic disconnect when
         #  domain is destroyed
         timeout = 30
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ class TC_04_DispVM(qubes.tests.SystemTestsMixin,
         lines = p.stdout.read().splitlines()
         self.assertTrue(lines, 'No output received from DispVM')
         dispvm_name = lines[0]
-        self.assertNotEquals(dispvm_name, "ERROR")
+        self.assertNotEquals(dispvm_name, b"ERROR")
 
         self.reload_db()
         self.assertNotIn(dispvm_name, self.app.domains)
@@ -111,8 +111,8 @@ class TC_20_DispVMMixin(qubes.tests.SystemTestsMixin):
         try:
             dispvm.start()
             p = dispvm.run_service('qubes.VMShell', passio_popen=True)
-            (stdout, _) = p.communicate(input="echo test")
-            self.assertEqual(stdout, "test\n")
+            (stdout, _) = p.communicate(input=b"echo test")
+            self.assertEqual(stdout, b"test\n")
         finally:
             dispvm.cleanup()
 
@@ -124,17 +124,17 @@ class TC_20_DispVMMixin(qubes.tests.SystemTestsMixin):
             dispvm.start()
             p = dispvm.run_service('qubes.VMShell', passio_popen=True)
             # wait for DispVM startup:
-            p.stdin.write("echo test\n")
+            p.stdin.write(b"echo test\n")
             p.stdin.flush()
             l = p.stdout.readline()
-            self.assertEqual(l, "test\n")
+            self.assertEqual(l, b"test\n")
 
             self.assertTrue(dispvm.is_running())
             try:
                 window_title = 'user@%s' % (dispvm.name,)
                 p.stdin.write("xterm -e "
                     "\"sh -c 'echo \\\"\033]0;{}\007\\\";read x;'\"\n".
-                    format(window_title))
+                    format(window_title).encode())
                 self.wait_for_window(window_title)
 
                 time.sleep(0.5)
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ class TC_20_DispVMMixin(qubes.tests.SystemTestsMixin):
         (window_title, _) = subprocess.Popen(
             ['xdotool', 'getwindowname', winid], stdout=subprocess.PIPE).\
             communicate()
-        window_title = window_title.strip().\
+        window_title = window_title.decode().strip().\
             replace('(', '\(').replace(')', '\)')
         time.sleep(1)
         if "gedit" in window_title:
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ class TC_20_DispVMMixin(qubes.tests.SystemTestsMixin):
                 (window_title, _) = subprocess.Popen(
                     ['xdotool', 'getwindowname', winid], stdout=subprocess.PIPE). \
                     communicate()
-                window_title = window_title.strip()
+                window_title = window_title.decode().strip()
                 # ignore LibreOffice splash screen and window with no title
                 # set yet
                 if window_title and not window_title.startswith("LibreOffice")\
@@ -253,9 +253,9 @@ class TC_20_DispVMMixin(qubes.tests.SystemTestsMixin):
                         passio_popen=True)
         (test_txt_content, _) = p.communicate()
         # Drop BOM if added by editor
-        if test_txt_content.startswith('\xef\xbb\xbf'):
+        if test_txt_content.startswith(b'\xef\xbb\xbf'):
             test_txt_content = test_txt_content[3:]
-        self.assertEqual(test_txt_content, "Test test 2\ntest1\n")
+        self.assertEqual(test_txt_content, b"Test test 2\ntest1\n")
 
 def load_tests(loader, tests, pattern):
     try:

qubes/tests/integ/dom0_update.py

@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ Key-Usage: sign
 Name-Real: Qubes test
 Expire-Date: 0
 %commit
-        '''.format(keydir=keydir))
+        '''.format(keydir=keydir).encode())
         p.stdin.close()
         p.wait()
 
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ Expire-Date: 0
         p = subprocess.Popen(gpg_opts + ['--with-colons', '--list-keys'],
                              stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
         for line in p.stdout.readlines():
-            fields = line.split(':')
+            fields = line.decode().split(':')
             if fields[0] == 'pub':
                 return fields[4][-8:].lower()
         raise RuntimeError
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ Expire-Date: 0
         p = subprocess.Popen(['sudo', 'dd',
                               'status=none', 'of=/etc/yum.repos.d/test.repo'],
                              stdin=subprocess.PIPE)
-        p.stdin.write('''
+        p.stdin.write(b'''
 [test]
 name = Test
 baseurl = http://localhost:8080/
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ Test package
         p = self.updatevm.run('mkdir -p /tmp/repo; cat > /tmp/repo/{}'.format(
             os.path.basename(
                 filename)), passio_popen=True)
-        p.stdin.write(open(filename).read())
+        p.stdin.write(open(filename, 'rb').read())
         p.stdin.close()
         p.wait()
         retcode = self.updatevm.run('cd /tmp/repo; createrepo .', wait=True)

qubes/tests/integ/network.py

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class VmNetworkingMixin(qubes.tests.SystemTestsMixin):
     def run_cmd(self, vm, cmd, user="root"):
         p = vm.run(cmd, user=user, passio_popen=True, ignore_stderr=True)
         p.stdin.close()
-        p.stdout.read()
+        p.stdout.read().decode()
         return p.wait()
 
     def setUp(self):
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ class VmNetworkingMixin(qubes.tests.SystemTestsMixin):
             passio_popen=True,
             ignore_stderr=True)
         p.stdin.close()
-        output = p.stdout.read()
+        output = p.stdout.read().decode()
         self.assertEqual(p.wait(), 0, 'ip addr show dev eth0 failed')
         self.assertIn('192.168.1.128', output)
         self.assertNotIn(self.testvm1.ip, output)
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ class VmNetworkingMixin(qubes.tests.SystemTestsMixin):
             passio_popen=True,
             ignore_stderr=True)
         p.stdin.close()
-        output = p.stdout.read()
+        output = p.stdout.read().decode()
         self.assertEqual(p.wait(), 0, 'ip route show failed')
         self.assertIn('192.168.1.1', output)
         self.assertNotIn(self.testvm1.netvm.ip, output)
@@ -375,7 +375,7 @@ class VmNetworkingMixin(qubes.tests.SystemTestsMixin):
             passio_popen=True,
             ignore_stderr=True)
         p.stdin.close()
-        output = p.stdout.read()
+        output = p.stdout.read().decode()
         self.assertEqual(p.wait(), 0, 'ip addr show dev eth0 failed')
         self.assertIn('192.168.1.128', output)
         self.assertNotIn(self.testvm1.ip, output)
@@ -473,7 +473,7 @@ class VmNetworkingMixin(qubes.tests.SystemTestsMixin):
         (stdout, _) = p.communicate()
         self.assertEqual(p.returncode, 0,
             '{} failed with {}'.format(cmd, p.returncode))
-        self.assertNotEqual(stdout.split()[0], '0',
+        self.assertNotEqual(stdout.decode().split()[0], '0',
             'Packets didn\'t managed to the VM')
 
     def test_204_fake_ip_proxy(self):
@@ -501,7 +501,7 @@ class VmNetworkingMixin(qubes.tests.SystemTestsMixin):
             passio_popen=True,
             ignore_stderr=True)
         p.stdin.close()
-        output = p.stdout.read()
+        output = p.stdout.read().decode()
         self.assertEqual(p.wait(), 0, 'ip addr show dev eth0 failed')
         self.assertIn('192.168.1.128', output)
         self.assertNotIn(self.testvm1.ip, output)
@@ -510,7 +510,7 @@ class VmNetworkingMixin(qubes.tests.SystemTestsMixin):
             passio_popen=True,
             ignore_stderr=True)
         p.stdin.close()
-        output = p.stdout.read()
+        output = p.stdout.read().decode()
         self.assertEqual(p.wait(), 0, 'ip route show failed')
         self.assertIn('192.168.1.1', output)
         self.assertNotIn(self.testvm1.netvm.ip, output)
@@ -519,7 +519,7 @@ class VmNetworkingMixin(qubes.tests.SystemTestsMixin):
             passio_popen=True,
             ignore_stderr=True)
         p.stdin.close()
-        output = p.stdout.read()
+        output = p.stdout.read().decode()
         self.assertEqual(p.wait(), 0, 'ip addr show dev eth0 failed')
         self.assertNotIn('192.168.1.128', output)
         self.assertIn(self.testvm1.ip, output)
@@ -528,7 +528,7 @@ class VmNetworkingMixin(qubes.tests.SystemTestsMixin):
             passio_popen=True,
             ignore_stderr=True)
         p.stdin.close()
-        output = p.stdout.read()
+        output = p.stdout.read().decode()
         self.assertEqual(p.wait(), 0, 'ip route show failed')
         self.assertIn('192.168.1.128', output)
         self.assertNotIn(self.proxy.ip, output)
@@ -688,7 +688,7 @@ class VmUpdatesMixin(qubes.tests.SystemTestsMixin):
     def run_cmd(self, vm, cmd, user="root"):
         p = vm.run(cmd, user=user, passio_popen=True, ignore_stderr=True)
         p.stdin.close()
-        p.stdout.read()
+        p.stdout.read().decode()
         return p.wait()
 
     def setUp(self):
@@ -778,7 +778,7 @@ class VmUpdatesMixin(qubes.tests.SystemTestsMixin):
         p.stdin.close()
         if p.wait() != 0:
             raise RuntimeError("Failed to write Packages file: {}".format(
-                p.stderr.read()))
+                p.stderr.read().decode()))
 
         p = self.netvm_repo.run(
             "mkdir -p /tmp/apt-repo/dists/test && "
@@ -804,7 +804,7 @@ class VmUpdatesMixin(qubes.tests.SystemTestsMixin):
         p.stdin.close()
         if p.wait() != 0:
             raise RuntimeError("Failed to write Release file: {}".format(
-                p.stderr.read()))
+                p.stderr.read().decode()))
 
     def create_repo_yum(self):
         pkg_file_name = "test-pkg-1.0-1.fc21.x86_64.rpm"
@@ -815,7 +815,7 @@ class VmUpdatesMixin(qubes.tests.SystemTestsMixin):
         p.stdin.close()
         if p.wait() != 0:
             raise RuntimeError("Failed to write {}: {}".format(pkg_file_name,
-                                                               p.stderr.read()))
+                                                               p.stderr.read().decode()))
 
         # createrepo is installed by default in Fedora template
         p = self.netvm_repo.run("createrepo /tmp/yum-repo",
@@ -823,7 +823,7 @@ class VmUpdatesMixin(qubes.tests.SystemTestsMixin):
                                 passio_stderr=True)
         if p.wait() != 0:
             raise RuntimeError("Failed to create yum metadata: {}".format(
-                p.stderr.read()))
+                p.stderr.read().decode()))
 
     def create_repo_and_serve(self):
         if self.template.count("debian") or self.template.count("whonix"):

qubes/tests/integ/tools/qvm_run.py

@@ -87,13 +87,13 @@ class TC_00_qvm_run(qubes.tests.SystemTestsMixin, qubes.tests.QubesTestCase):
             self.sharedopts + ['--pass-io', self.vm1.name, 'false']))
 
     def test_002_passio_localcmd(self):
-        self.assertEqual('aqq', self.get_qvm_run_output(
+        self.assertEqual(b'aqq', self.get_qvm_run_output(
             self.sharedopts + [self.vm1.name, 'printf aqq']))
 
     def test_003_user(self):
-        self.assertNotEqual('0\n', self.get_qvm_run_output(
+        self.assertNotEqual(b'0\n', self.get_qvm_run_output(
             self.sharedopts + ['--user', 'user', self.vm1.name, 'id -u']))
-        self.assertEqual('0\n', self.get_qvm_run_output(
+        self.assertEqual(b'0\n', self.get_qvm_run_output(
             self.sharedopts + ['--user', 'root', self.vm1.name, 'id -u']))
 
     def test_004_autostart(self):
@@ -114,13 +114,13 @@ class TC_00_qvm_run(qubes.tests.SystemTestsMixin, qubes.tests.QubesTestCase):
         sys.stdout = io.StringIO()
         qubes.tools.qvm_run.main(
             self.sharedopts + ['--colour-output', '32', self.vm1.name, 'true'])
-        self.assertEqual('\033[0;32m\033[0m', sys.stdout.getvalue())
+        self.assertEqual(b'\033[0;32m\033[0m', sys.stdout.getvalue())
 
     def test_006_filter_esc(self):
-        self.assertEqual('\033', self.get_qvm_run_output(
+        self.assertEqual(b'\033', self.get_qvm_run_output(
             self.sharedopts + ['--no-filter-escape-chars', self.vm1.name,
                 r'printf \\033']))
-        self.assertEqual('_', self.get_qvm_run_output(
+        self.assertEqual(b'_', self.get_qvm_run_output(
             self.sharedopts + ['--filter-escape-chars', self.vm1.name,
                 r'printf \\033']))
 

qubes/tests/integ/vm_qrexec_gui.py

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ import qubes.vm.appvm
 import qubes.vm.templatevm
 import re
 
-TEST_DATA = "0123456789" * 1024
+TEST_DATA = b"0123456789" * 1024
 
 
 class TC_00_AppVMMixin(qubes.tests.SystemTestsMixin):
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ class TC_00_AppVMMixin(qubes.tests.SystemTestsMixin):
             stdout = p.stdout.read()
             p.stdin.write(TEST_DATA)
             p.stdin.close()
-            if stdout.strip() != "test":
+            if stdout.strip() != b"test":
                 result.value = 1
             # this may hang in some buggy cases
             elif len(p.stderr.read()) > 0:
@@ -258,14 +258,14 @@ class TC_00_AppVMMixin(qubes.tests.SystemTestsMixin):
                                  ">&$SAVED_FD_1'" % self.testvm2.name,
                                  passio_popen=True)
             (stdout, stderr) = p.communicate()
-            if stdout != "test\n":
+            if stdout != b"test\n":
                 result.value = 1
 
         self.testvm1.start()
         self.testvm2.start()
         p = self.testvm2.run("cat > /etc/qubes-rpc/test.EOF", user="root",
                              passio_popen=True)
-        p.stdin.write("/bin/cat")
+        p.stdin.write(b"/bin/cat")
         p.stdin.close()
         p.wait()
         policy = open("/etc/qubes-rpc/policy/test.EOF", "w")
@@ -293,14 +293,14 @@ class TC_00_AppVMMixin(qubes.tests.SystemTestsMixin):
                                  % self.testvm2.name,
                                  passio_popen=True)
             (stdout, stderr) = p.communicate()
-            if stdout != "test\n":
+            if stdout != b"test\n":
                 result.value = 1
 
         self.testvm1.start()
         self.testvm2.start()
         p = self.testvm2.run("cat > /etc/qubes-rpc/test.EOF", user="root",
                              passio_popen=True)
-        p.stdin.write("echo test; exec >&-; cat >/dev/null")
+        p.stdin.write(b"echo test; exec >&-; cat >/dev/null")
         p.stdin.close()
         p.wait()
         policy = open("/etc/qubes-rpc/policy/test.EOF", "w")
@@ -376,7 +376,7 @@ class TC_00_AppVMMixin(qubes.tests.SystemTestsMixin):
 
         p = self.testvm2.run("cat > /etc/qubes-rpc/test.Retcode", user="root",
                              passio_popen=True)
-        p.stdin.write("exit 0")
+        p.stdin.write(b"exit 0")
         p.stdin.close()
         p.wait()
 
@@ -385,11 +385,11 @@ class TC_00_AppVMMixin(qubes.tests.SystemTestsMixin):
                              % self.testvm1.name,
                              passio_popen=True)
         (stdout, stderr) = p.communicate()
-        self.assertEqual(stdout, "0\n")
+        self.assertEqual(stdout, b"0\n")
 
         p = self.testvm2.run("cat > /etc/qubes-rpc/test.Retcode", user="root",
                              passio_popen=True)
-        p.stdin.write("exit 3")
+        p.stdin.write(b"exit 3")
         p.stdin.close()
         p.wait()
 
@@ -398,7 +398,7 @@ class TC_00_AppVMMixin(qubes.tests.SystemTestsMixin):
                              % self.testvm1.name,
                              passio_popen=True)
         (stdout, stderr) = p.communicate()
-        self.assertEqual(stdout, "3\n")
+        self.assertEqual(stdout, b"3\n")
 
     def test_070_qrexec_vm_simultaneous_write(self):
         """Test for simultaneous write in VM(src)->VM(dst) connection
@@ -432,9 +432,9 @@ class TC_00_AppVMMixin(qubes.tests.SystemTestsMixin):
         p = self.testvm2.run("cat > /etc/qubes-rpc/test.write", user="root",
                              passio_popen=True)
         # first write a lot of data
-        p.stdin.write("dd if=/dev/zero bs=993 count=10000 iflag=fullblock\n")
+        p.stdin.write(b"dd if=/dev/zero bs=993 count=10000 iflag=fullblock\n")
         # and only then read something
-        p.stdin.write("dd of=/dev/null bs=993 count=10000 iflag=fullblock\n")
+        p.stdin.write(b"dd of=/dev/null bs=993 count=10000 iflag=fullblock\n")
         p.stdin.close()
         p.wait()
         policy = open("/etc/qubes-rpc/policy/test.write", "w")
@@ -473,9 +473,9 @@ class TC_00_AppVMMixin(qubes.tests.SystemTestsMixin):
         p = self.testvm2.run("cat > /etc/qubes-rpc/test.write", user="root",
                              passio_popen=True)
         # first write a lot of data
-        p.stdin.write("dd if=/dev/zero bs=993 count=10000 iflag=fullblock\n")
+        p.stdin.write(b"dd if=/dev/zero bs=993 count=10000 iflag=fullblock\n")
         # and only then read something
-        p.stdin.write("dd of=/dev/null bs=993 count=10000 iflag=fullblock\n")
+        p.stdin.write(b"dd of=/dev/null bs=993 count=10000 iflag=fullblock\n")
         p.stdin.close()
         p.wait()
         policy = open("/etc/qubes-rpc/policy/test.write", "w")
@@ -512,11 +512,11 @@ class TC_00_AppVMMixin(qubes.tests.SystemTestsMixin):
         p = self.testvm2.run("cat > /etc/qubes-rpc/test.write", user="root",
                              passio_popen=True)
         # first write a lot of data
-        p.stdin.write("dd if=/dev/zero bs=993 count=10000 iflag=fullblock &\n")
+        p.stdin.write(b"dd if=/dev/zero bs=993 count=10000 iflag=fullblock &\n")
         # and only then read something
-        p.stdin.write("dd of=/dev/null bs=993 count=10000 iflag=fullblock\n")
-        p.stdin.write("sleep 1; \n")
-        p.stdin.write("wait\n")
+        p.stdin.write(b"dd of=/dev/null bs=993 count=10000 iflag=fullblock\n")
+        p.stdin.write(b"sleep 1; \n")
+        p.stdin.write(b"wait\n")
         p.stdin.close()
         p.wait()
         policy = open("/etc/qubes-rpc/policy/test.write", "w")
@@ -538,7 +538,7 @@ class TC_00_AppVMMixin(qubes.tests.SystemTestsMixin):
         self.testvm2.start()
         p = self.testvm2.run("cat > /etc/qubes-rpc/test.Argument", user="root",
                              passio_popen=True)
-        p.communicate("/bin/echo $1")
+        p.communicate(b"/bin/echo $1")
 
         with open("/etc/qubes-rpc/policy/test.Argument", "w") as policy:
             policy.write("%s %s allow" % (self.testvm1.name, self.testvm2.name))
@@ -548,7 +548,7 @@ class TC_00_AppVMMixin(qubes.tests.SystemTestsMixin):
                              "test.Argument+argument".format(self.testvm2.name),
                              passio_popen=True)
         (stdout, stderr) = p.communicate()
-        self.assertEqual(stdout, "argument\n")
+        self.assertEqual(stdout, b"argument\n")
 
     def test_081_qrexec_service_argument_allow_specific(self):
         """Qrexec service call with argument - allow only specific value"""
@@ -556,7 +556,7 @@ class TC_00_AppVMMixin(qubes.tests.SystemTestsMixin):
         self.testvm2.start()
         p = self.testvm2.run("cat > /etc/qubes-rpc/test.Argument", user="root",
                              passio_popen=True)
-        p.communicate("/bin/echo $1")
+        p.communicate(b"/bin/echo $1")
 
         with open("/etc/qubes-rpc/policy/test.Argument", "w") as policy:
             policy.write("$anyvm $anyvm deny")
@@ -572,7 +572,7 @@ class TC_00_AppVMMixin(qubes.tests.SystemTestsMixin):
                              "test.Argument+argument".format(self.testvm2.name),
                              passio_popen=True)
         (stdout, stderr) = p.communicate()
-        self.assertEqual(stdout, "argument\n")
+        self.assertEqual(stdout, b"argument\n")
 
     def test_082_qrexec_service_argument_deny_specific(self):
         """Qrexec service call with argument - deny specific value"""
@@ -580,7 +580,7 @@ class TC_00_AppVMMixin(qubes.tests.SystemTestsMixin):
         self.testvm2.start()
         p = self.testvm2.run("cat > /etc/qubes-rpc/test.Argument", user="root",
                              passio_popen=True)
-        p.communicate("/bin/echo $1")
+        p.communicate(b"/bin/echo $1")
 
         with open("/etc/qubes-rpc/policy/test.Argument", "w") as policy:
             policy.write("$anyvm $anyvm allow")
@@ -596,7 +596,7 @@ class TC_00_AppVMMixin(qubes.tests.SystemTestsMixin):
                              "test.Argument+argument".format(self.testvm2.name),
                              passio_popen=True)
         (stdout, stderr) = p.communicate()
-        self.assertEqual(stdout, "")
+        self.assertEqual(stdout, b"")
         self.assertEqual(p.returncode, 1, "Service request should be denied")
 
     def test_083_qrexec_service_argument_specific_implementation(self):
@@ -606,11 +606,11 @@ class TC_00_AppVMMixin(qubes.tests.SystemTestsMixin):
         self.testvm2.start()
         p = self.testvm2.run("cat > /etc/qubes-rpc/test.Argument", user="root",
                              passio_popen=True)
-        p.communicate("/bin/echo $1")
+        p.communicate(b"/bin/echo $1")
 
         p = self.testvm2.run("cat > /etc/qubes-rpc/test.Argument+argument",
             user="root", passio_popen=True)
-        p.communicate("/bin/echo specific: $1")
+        p.communicate(b"/bin/echo specific: $1")
 
         with open("/etc/qubes-rpc/policy/test.Argument", "w") as policy:
             policy.write("%s %s allow" % (self.testvm1.name, self.testvm2.name))
@@ -620,7 +620,7 @@ class TC_00_AppVMMixin(qubes.tests.SystemTestsMixin):
                              "test.Argument+argument".format(self.testvm2.name),
                              passio_popen=True)
         (stdout, stderr) = p.communicate()
-        self.assertEqual(stdout, "specific: argument\n")
+        self.assertEqual(stdout, b"specific: argument\n")
 
     def test_084_qrexec_service_argument_extra_env(self):
         """Qrexec service call with argument - extra env variables"""
@@ -628,8 +628,8 @@ class TC_00_AppVMMixin(qubes.tests.SystemTestsMixin):
         self.testvm2.start()
         p = self.testvm2.run("cat > /etc/qubes-rpc/test.Argument", user="root",
                              passio_popen=True)
-        p.communicate("/bin/echo $QREXEC_SERVICE_FULL_NAME "
-                      "$QREXEC_SERVICE_ARGUMENT")
+        p.communicate(b"/bin/echo $QREXEC_SERVICE_FULL_NAME "
+                      b"$QREXEC_SERVICE_ARGUMENT")
 
         with open("/etc/qubes-rpc/policy/test.Argument", "w") as policy:
             policy.write("%s %s allow" % (self.testvm1.name, self.testvm2.name))
@@ -639,7 +639,7 @@ class TC_00_AppVMMixin(qubes.tests.SystemTestsMixin):
                              "test.Argument+argument".format(self.testvm2.name),
                              passio_popen=True)
         (stdout, stderr) = p.communicate()
-        self.assertEqual(stdout, "test.Argument+argument argument\n")
+        self.assertEqual(stdout, b"test.Argument+argument argument\n")
 
     def test_100_qrexec_filecopy(self):
         self.testvm1.start()
@@ -784,7 +784,7 @@ class TC_00_AppVMMixin(qubes.tests.SystemTestsMixin):
         # Check if reverting back to UTC works
         (vm_tz, _) = self.testvm1.run("TZ=UTC date +%Z",
                                       passio_popen=True).communicate()
-        self.assertEqual(vm_tz.strip(), "UTC")
+        self.assertEqual(vm_tz.strip(), b"UTC")
 
     def test_210_time_sync(self):
         """Test time synchronization mechanism"""
@@ -919,7 +919,7 @@ class TC_00_AppVMMixin(qubes.tests.SystemTestsMixin):
             "}\n")
 
         p = self.testvm1.run("cat > allocator.c", passio_popen=True)
-        p.communicate(allocator_c)
+        p.communicate(allocator_c.encode())
         p = self.testvm1.run("gcc allocator.c -o allocator",
             passio_popen=True, passio_stderr=True)
         (stdout, stderr) = p.communicate()
@@ -941,14 +941,14 @@ class TC_00_AppVMMixin(qubes.tests.SystemTestsMixin):
             user="root", passio_popen=True, passio_stderr=True)
         # wait for memory being allocated; can't use just .read(), because EOF
         # passing is unreliable while the process is still running
-        alloc1.stdin.write("\n")
+        alloc1.stdin.write(b"\n")
         alloc1.stdin.flush()
         alloc_out = alloc1.stdout.read(len("Stage1\nStage2\nStage3\n"))
 
-        if "Stage3" not in alloc_out:
+        if b"Stage3" not in alloc_out:
             # read stderr only in case of failed assert, but still have nice
             # failure message (don't use self.fail() directly)
-            self.assertIn("Stage3", alloc_out, alloc1.stderr.read())
+            self.assertIn(b"Stage3", alloc_out, alloc1.stderr.read())
 
         # now, launch some window - it should get fragmented composition buffer
         # it is important to have some changing content there, to generate
@@ -965,10 +965,10 @@ class TC_00_AppVMMixin(qubes.tests.SystemTestsMixin):
         winid = search.communicate()[0].strip()
         xprop = subprocess.Popen(['xprop', '-notype', '-id', winid,
             '_QUBES_VMWINDOWID'], stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
-        vm_winid = xprop.stdout.read().strip().split(' ')[4]
+        vm_winid = xprop.stdout.read().decode().strip().split(' ')[4]
 
         # now free the fragmented memory and trigger compaction
-        alloc1.stdin.write("\n")
+        alloc1.stdin.write(b"\n")
         alloc1.wait()
         self.testvm1.run("echo 1 > /proc/sys/vm/compact_memory", user="root")