core-admin/qubes/vm/qubesvm.py

#
# The Qubes OS Project, https://www.qubes-os.org/
#
# Copyright (C) 2010-2015  Joanna Rutkowska <joanna@invisiblethingslab.com>
# Copyright (C) 2013-2015  Marek Marczykowski-Górecki
#                              <marmarek@invisiblethingslab.com>
# Copyright (C) 2014-2015  Wojtek Porczyk <woju@invisiblethingslab.com>
#
# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
#
# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
# Lesser General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
# License along with this library; if not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
#

import asyncio
import base64
import grp
import re
import os
import os.path
import shutil
import string
import subprocess
import uuid

import libvirt  # pylint: disable=import-error
import lxml

import qubes
import qubes.config
import qubes.exc
import qubes.storage
import qubes.storage.file
import qubes.utils
import qubes.vm
import qubes.vm.mix.net

qmemman_present = False
try:
    import qubes.qmemman.client  # pylint: disable=wrong-import-position

    qmemman_present = True
except ImportError:
    pass

# overhead of per-qube/per-vcpu Xen structures,
# taken from OpenStack nova/virt/xenapi/driver.py
# see https://wiki.openstack.org/wiki/XenServer/Overhead
# add an extra MB because Nova rounds up to MBs
MEM_OVERHEAD_BASE = (3 + 1) * 1024 * 1024
MEM_OVERHEAD_PER_VCPU = 3 * 1024 * 1024 / 2


def _setter_kernel(self, prop, value):
    """ Helper for setting the domain kernel and running sanity checks on it.
    """  # pylint: disable=unused-argument
    if not value:
        return ''
    value = str(value)
    if '/' in value:
        raise qubes.exc.QubesPropertyValueError(
            self, prop, value,
            'Kernel name cannot contain \'/\'')
    return value


def _setter_positive_int(self, prop, value):
    """ Helper for setting a positive int. Checks that the int is > 0 """
    # pylint: disable=unused-argument
    value = int(value)
    if value <= 0:
        raise ValueError('Value must be positive')
    return value


def _setter_non_negative_int(self, prop, value):
    """ Helper for setting a positive int. Checks that the int is >= 0 """
    # pylint: disable=unused-argument
    value = int(value)
    if value < 0:
        raise ValueError('Value must be positive or zero')
    return value


def _setter_default_user(self, prop, value):
    """ Helper for setting default user """
    value = str(value)
    # specifically forbid: ':', ' ', """, '"'
    allowed_chars = string.ascii_letters + string.digits + '_-+,.'
    if not all(c in allowed_chars for c in value):
        raise qubes.exc.QubesPropertyValueError(
            self, prop, value,
            'Username can contain only those characters: ' + allowed_chars)
    return value


def _setter_virt_mode(self, prop, value):
    value = str(value)
    value = value.lower()
    if value not in ('hvm', 'pv', 'pvh'):
        raise qubes.exc.QubesPropertyValueError(
            self, prop, value,
            'Invalid virtualization mode, supported values: hvm, pv, pvh')
    if value == 'pvh' and list(self.devices['pci'].persistent()):
        raise qubes.exc.QubesPropertyValueError(
            self, prop, value,
            "pvh mode can't be set if pci devices are attached")
    return value


def _setter_kbd_layout(self, prop, value):
    untrusted_xkb_layout = value.split('+')
    if len(untrusted_xkb_layout) != 3:
        raise qubes.exc.QubesPropertyValueError(
            self, prop, value, "invalid number of keyboard layout parameters")

    untrusted_layout = untrusted_xkb_layout[0]
    untrusted_variant = untrusted_xkb_layout[1]
    untrusted_options = untrusted_xkb_layout[2]

    re_variant = r'^[a-zA-Z0-9-_]*$'
    re_options = r'^[a-zA-Z0-9-_:,]*$'

    if not untrusted_layout.isalpha():
        raise qubes.exc.QubesPropertyValueError(
            self, prop, value, "Invalid keyboard layout provided")
    if not re.match(re_variant, untrusted_variant):
        raise qubes.exc.QubesPropertyValueError(
            self, prop, value, "Invalid layout variant provided")
    if not re.match(re_options, untrusted_options):
        raise qubes.exc.QubesPropertyValueError(
            self, prop, value, "Invalid layout options provided")

    return value


def _default_virt_mode(self):
    if self.devices['pci'].persistent():
        return 'hvm'
    try:
        return self.template.virt_mode
    except AttributeError:
        return 'pvh'


def _default_with_template(prop, default):
    """Return a callable for 'default' argument of a property. Use a value
    from a template (if any), otherwise *default*
    """

    def _func(self):
        try:
            return getattr(self.template, prop)
        except AttributeError:
            if callable(default):
                return default(self)
            return default

    return _func


def _default_maxmem(self):
    # first check for any reason to _not_ enable qmemman
    if not self.is_memory_balancing_possible():
        return 0

    # Linux specific cap: max memory can't scale beyond 10.79*init_mem
    # see https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/qubes-devel/VRqkFj1IOtA
    if self.features.get('os', None) == 'Linux':
        default_maxmem = self.memory * 10
    else:
        default_maxmem = 4000

    # don't use default larger than half of physical ram
    default_maxmem = min(default_maxmem,
                         int(self.app.host.memory_total / 1024 / 2))

    return _default_with_template('maxmem', default_maxmem)(self)


def _default_kernelopts(self):
    """
    Return default kernel options for the given kernel. If kernel directory
    contains 'default-kernelopts-{pci,nopci}.txt' file, use that. Otherwise
    use built-in defaults.
    For qubes without PCI devices, kernelopts of qube's template are
    considered (for template-based qubes).
    """
    if not self.kernel:
        return ''
    if 'kernel' in self.volumes:
        kernels_dir = self.storage.kernels_dir
    else:
        kernels_dir = os.path.join(
            qubes.config.system_path['qubes_kernels_base_dir'],
            self.kernel)
    pci = bool(list(self.devices['pci'].persistent()))
    if pci:
        path = os.path.join(kernels_dir, 'default-kernelopts-pci.txt')
    else:
        try:
            return self.template.kernelopts
        except AttributeError:
            pass
        path = os.path.join(kernels_dir, 'default-kernelopts-nopci.txt')
    if os.path.exists(path):
        with open(path) as f_kernelopts:
            return f_kernelopts.read().strip()
    else:
        return (qubes.config.defaults['kernelopts_pcidevs'] if pci else
                qubes.config.defaults['kernelopts'])


class QubesVM(qubes.vm.mix.net.NetVMMixin, qubes.vm.BaseVM):
    """Base functionality of Qubes VM shared between all VMs.

    The following events are raised on this class or its subclasses:

        .. event:: domain-init (subject, event)

            Fired at the end of class' constructor.

            :param subject: Event emitter (the qube object)
            :param event: Event name (``'domain-init'``)

        .. event:: domain-load (subject, event)

            Fired after the qube was loaded from :file:`qubes.xml`

            :param subject: Event emitter (the qube object)
            :param event: Event name (``'domain-loaded'``)

        .. event:: domain-pre-start \
                (subject, event, start_guid, mem_required)

            Fired at the beginning of :py:meth:`start` method.

            Handler for this event can be asynchronous (a coroutine).

            :param subject: Event emitter (the qube object)
            :param event: Event name (``'domain-pre-start'``)

            *other arguments are as in :py:meth:`start`*

        .. event:: domain-spawn (subject, event, start_guid)

            Fired after creating libvirt domain.

            :param subject: Event emitter (the qube object)
            :param event: Event name (``'domain-spawn'``)

            Handler for this event can be asynchronous (a coroutine).

            *other arguments are as in :py:meth:`start`*

        .. event:: domain-start (subject, event, start_guid)

            Fired at the end of :py:meth:`start` method.

            Handler for this event can be asynchronous (a coroutine).

            :param subject: Event emitter (the qube object)
            :param event: Event name (``'domain-start'``)

            *other arguments are as in :py:meth:`start`*

        .. event:: domain-start-failed (subject, event, reason)

            Fired when :py:meth:`start` method fails.
            *reason* argument is a textual error message.

            Handler for this event can be asynchronous (a coroutine).

            :param subject: Event emitter (the qube object)
            :param event: Event name (``'domain-start-failed'``)

        .. event:: domain-paused (subject, event)

            Fired when the domain has been paused.

            :param subject: Event emitter (the qube object)
            :param event: Event name (``'domain-paused'``)

        .. event:: domain-unpaused (subject, event)

            Fired when the domain has been unpaused.

            :param subject: Event emitter (the qube object)
            :param event: Event name (``'domain-unpaused'``)

        .. event:: domain-stopped (subject, event)

            Fired when domain has been stopped.

            This event is emitted before ``'domain-shutdown'`` and will trigger
            the cleanup in QubesVM. So if you require that the cleanup has
            already run use ``'domain-shutdown'``.

            Note that you can receive this event as soon as you received
            ``'domain-pre-start'``. This also can be emitted in case of a
            startup failure, before or after ``'domain-start-failed'``.

            Handler for this event can be asynchronous (a coroutine).

            :param subject: Event emitter (the qube object)
            :param event: Event name (``'domain-stopped'``)

        .. event:: domain-shutdown (subject, event)

            Fired when domain has been shut down. It is generated after
            ``'domain-stopped'``.

            Note that you can receive this event as soon as you received
            ``'domain-pre-start'``. This also can be emitted in case of a
            startup failure, before or after ``'domain-start-failed'``.

            Handler for this event can be asynchronous (a coroutine).

            :param subject: Event emitter (the qube object)
            :param event: Event name (``'domain-shutdown'``)

        .. event:: domain-pre-shutdown (subject, event, force)

            Fired at the beginning of :py:meth:`shutdown` method.

            Handler for this event can be asynchronous (a coroutine).

            :param subject: Event emitter (the qube object)
            :param event: Event name (``'domain-pre-shutdown'``)
            :param force: If the shutdown is to be forceful

        .. event:: domain-shutdown-failed (subject, event, reason)

            Fired when ``domain-pre-shutdown`` event was sent, but the actual
            shutdown operation failed. It can be caused by other
            ``domain-pre-shutdown`` handler blocking the operation with an
            exception, or a shutdown timeout.

            Handler for this event can be asynchronous (a coroutine).

            :param subject: Event emitter (the qube object)
            :param event: Event name (``'domain-shutdown-failed'``)
            :param reason: Error message

        .. event:: domain-cmd-pre-run (subject, event, start_guid)

            Fired at the beginning of :py:meth:`run_service` method.

            Handler for this event can be asynchronous (a coroutine).

            :param subject: Event emitter (the qube object)
            :param event: Event name (``'domain-cmd-pre-run'``)
            :param start_guid: If the gui daemon can be started

        .. event:: domain-create-on-disk (subject, event)

            Fired at the end of :py:meth:`create_on_disk` method.

            Handler for this event can be asynchronous (a coroutine).

            :param subject: Event emitter (the qube object)
            :param event: Event name (``'domain-create-on-disk'``)

        .. event:: domain-remove-from-disk (subject, event)

            Fired at the beginning of :py:meth:`remove_from_disk` method, before
            the qube directory is removed.

            Handler for this event can be asynchronous (a coroutine).

            :param subject: Event emitter (the qube object)
            :param event: Event name (``'domain-remove-from-disk'``)

        .. event:: domain-clone-files (subject, event, src)

            Fired at the end of :py:meth:`clone_disk_files` method.

            Handler for this event can be asynchronous (a coroutine).

            :param subject: Event emitter (the qube object)
            :param event: Event name (``'domain-clone-files'``)
            :param src: source qube

        .. event:: domain-verify-files (subject, event)

            Fired at the end of :py:meth:`clone_disk_files` method.

            :param subject: Event emitter (the qube object)
            :param event: Event name (``'domain-verify-files'``)

            If you think some files are missing or damaged, raise an exception.

        .. event:: domain-is-fully-usable (subject, event)

            Fired at the end of :py:meth:`clone_disk_files` method.

            :param subject: Event emitter (the qube object)
            :param event: Event name (``'domain-is-fully-usable'``)

            You may ``yield False`` from the handler if you think the qube is
            not fully usable. This will cause the domain to be in "transient"
            state in the domain lifecycle.

        .. event:: domain-qdb-create (subject, event)

            Fired at the end of :py:meth:`create_qdb_entries` method.

            :param subject: Event emitter (the qube object)
            :param event: Event name (``'domain-qdb-create'``)

            This event is a good place to add your custom entries to the qdb.

        .. event:: domain-qdb-change:watched-path (subject, event, path)

            Fired when watched QubesDB entry is changed. See
            :py:meth:`watch_qdb_path`. *watched-path* part of event name is
            what path was registered for watching, *path* in event argument
            is what actually have changed (which may be different if watching a
            directory, i.e. a path with `/` at the end).

            :param subject: Event emitter (the qube object)
            :param event: Event name (``'domain-qdb-change'``)
            :param path: changed QubesDB path

        .. event:: backup-get-files (subject, event)

            Collects additional file to be included in a backup.

            :param subject: Event emitter (the qube object)
            :param event: Event name (``'backup-get-files'``)

            Handlers should yield paths of the files.

        .. event:: domain-restore (subject, event)

            Domain was just restored from backup, although the storage was not
            yet verified and the app object was not yet saved.

            :param subject: Event emitter (the qube object)
            :param event: Event name (``'domain-restore'``)

        .. event:: domain-feature-pre-set:feature (subject, event, feature,
            value [, oldvalue])

            A feature will be changed. This event is fired before value is set.
            If any handler raises an exception, value will not be set.
            *oldvalue* is present only when there was any.

            :param subject: Event emitter (the qube object)
            :param event: Event name (``'domain-feature-pre-set:' feature``)
            :param feature: feature name
            :param value: new value
            :param oldvalue: old value, if any

        .. event:: domain-feature-set:feature (subject, event, feature, value
            [, oldvalue])

            A feature was changed. This event is fired before bare
            `domain-feature-set` event.
            *oldvalue* is present only when there was any.

            :param subject: Event emitter (the qube object)
            :param event: Event name (``'domain-feature-set:' feature``)
            :param feature: feature name
            :param value: new value
            :param oldvalue: old value, if any

        .. event:: domain-feature-delete:feature (subject, event, feature)

            A feature was removed. This event is fired before bare
            `domain-feature-delete` event.

            :param subject: Event emitter (the qube object)
            :param event: Event name (``'domain-feature-delete:' feature``)
            :param feature: feature name

        .. event:: domain-feature-pre-delete:feature (subject, event, feature)

            A feature will be removed. This event is fired before feature is
            removed. If any handler raises an exception,feature will not be
            removed.

            :param subject: Event emitter (the qube object)
            :param event: Event name (``'domain-feature-pre-delete:' feature``)
            :param feature: feature name

        .. event:: domain-tag-add:tag (subject, event, tag)

            A tag was added.

            :param subject: Event emitter (the qube object)
            :param event: Event name (``'domain-tag-add:' tag``)
            :param tag: tag name

        .. event:: domain-tag-delete:tag (subject, event, tag)

            A feature was removed.

            :param subject: Event emitter (the qube object)
            :param event: Event name (``'domain-tag-delete:' tag``)
            :param tag: tag name

        .. event:: features-request (subject, event, *, untrusted_features)

            The domain is performing a features request.

            :param subject: Event emitter (the qube object)
            :param event: Event name (``'features-request'``)
            :param untrusted_features: :py:class:`dict` containing the feature \
            request

            The content of the `untrusted_features` variable is, as the name
            implies, **UNTRUSTED**. The remind this to programmer, the variable
            name has to be exactly as provided.

            It is up to the extensions to decide, what to do with request,
            ranging from plainly ignoring the request to verbatim copy into
            :py:attr:`features` with only minimal sanitisation.

            Handler for this event can be asynchronous (a coroutine).

        .. event:: firewall-changed (subject, event)

            Firewall was changed.

            :param subject: Event emitter (the qube object)
            :param event: Event name (``'firewall-changed'``)

        .. event:: net-domain-connect (subject, event, vm)

            Fired after connecting a domiain to this vm.

            :param subject: Event emitter (the qube object)
            :param event: Event name (``'net-domain-connect'``)
            :param vm: The domain that was just connected.

            On the `vm` object there was probably ``property-set:netvm`` fired
            earlier.

        .. event:: template-postinstall (subject, event)

            Fired on non-template-based domain (TemplateVM, StandaloneVM) when
            it first reports qrexec presence. This happens at the first
            domain startup just after its installation and is suitable for
            performing various post-installation setup.

            Handler for this event can be asynchronous (a coroutine).
    """

    #
    # per-class properties
    #

    #: directory in which domains of this class will reside
    dir_path_prefix = qubes.config.system_path['qubes_appvms_dir']

    #
    # properties loaded from XML
    #
    guivm = qubes.VMProperty('guivm', load_stage=4, allow_none=True,
                             default=(lambda self: self.app.default_guivm),
                             doc='VM used for Gui')

    audiovm = qubes.VMProperty('audiovm', load_stage=4, allow_none=True,
                             default=(lambda self: self.app.default_audiovm),
                             doc='VM used for Audio')

    virt_mode = qubes.property(
        'virt_mode',
        type=str, setter=_setter_virt_mode,
        default=_default_virt_mode,
        doc="""Virtualisation mode: full virtualisation ("HVM"),
            or paravirtualisation ("PV"), or hybrid ("PVH").
             TemplateBasedVMs use its template\'s value by default.""")

    installed_by_rpm = qubes.property(
        'installed_by_rpm',
        type=bool, setter=qubes.property.bool,
        default=False,
        doc="""If this domain's image was installed from package tracked by
            package manager.""")

    memory = qubes.property(
        'memory', type=int,
        setter=_setter_positive_int,
        default=_default_with_template(
            'memory',
            lambda self:
            qubes.config.defaults[
                'hvm_memory' if self.virt_mode == 'hvm' else 'memory']),
        doc='Memory currently available for this VM. TemplateBasedVMs use its '
            'template\'s value by default.')

    maxmem = qubes.property(
        'maxmem', type=int,
        setter=_setter_non_negative_int,
        default=_default_maxmem,
        doc="""Maximum amount of memory available for this VM (for the purpose
            of the memory balancer). Set to 0 to disable memory balancing for
            this qube. TemplateBasedVMs use its template\'s value by default
            (unless memory balancing not supported for this qube).""")

    stubdom_mem = qubes.property(
        'stubdom_mem', type=int,
        setter=_setter_positive_int,
        default=None,
        doc='Memory amount allocated for the stubdom')

    vcpus = qubes.property(
        'vcpus',
        type=int,
        setter=_setter_positive_int,
        default=_default_with_template('vcpus', 2),
        doc='Number of virtual CPUs for a qube. TemplateBasedVMs use its '
            'template\'s value by default.')

    # CORE2: swallowed uses_default_kernel
    kernel = qubes.property(
        'kernel', type=str,
        setter=_setter_kernel,
        default=_default_with_template('kernel',
                                       lambda self: self.app.default_kernel),
        doc='Kernel used by this domain. TemplateBasedVMs use its '
            'template\'s value by default.')

    # CORE2: swallowed uses_default_kernelopts
    # pylint: disable=no-member
    kernelopts = qubes.property(
        'kernelopts', type=str, load_stage=4,
        default=_default_kernelopts,
        doc='Kernel command line passed to domain. TemplateBasedVMs use its '
            'template\'s value by default.')

    debug = qubes.property(
        'debug', type=bool, default=False,
        setter=qubes.property.bool,
        doc='Turns on debugging features.')

    # XXX what this exactly does?
    # XXX shouldn't this go to standalone VM and TemplateVM, and leave here
    #     only plain property?
    default_user = qubes.property(
        'default_user', type=str,
        # pylint: disable=no-member
        default=_default_with_template('default_user',
                                       'user'),
        setter=_setter_default_user,
        doc='Default user to start applications as. TemplateBasedVMs use its '
            'template\'s value by default.')

    qrexec_timeout = qubes.property(
        'qrexec_timeout', type=int,
        default=_default_with_template(
            'qrexec_timeout',
            lambda self: self.app.default_qrexec_timeout),
        setter=_setter_positive_int,
        doc="""Time in seconds after which qrexec connection attempt is deemed
            failed. Operating system inside VM should be able to boot in this
            time.""")

    shutdown_timeout = qubes.property(
        'shutdown_timeout', type=int,
        default=_default_with_template(
            'shutdown_timeout',
            lambda self: self.app.default_shutdown_timeout),
        setter=_setter_positive_int,
        doc="""Time in seconds for shutdown of the VM, after which VM may be
            forcefully powered off. Operating system inside VM should be
            able to fully shutdown in this time.""")

    autostart = qubes.property(
        'autostart', default=False,
        type=bool, setter=qubes.property.bool,
        doc="""Setting this to `True` means that VM should be autostarted on
            dom0 boot.""")

    include_in_backups = qubes.property(
        'include_in_backups',
        default=True,
        type=bool, setter=qubes.property.bool,
        doc='If this domain is to be included in default backup.')

    backup_timestamp = qubes.property(
        'backup_timestamp', default=None,
        type=int,
        doc='Time of last backup of the qube, in seconds since unix epoch')

    default_dispvm = qubes.VMProperty(
        'default_dispvm',
        load_stage=4,
        allow_none=True,
        default=(
            lambda self: self.app.default_dispvm),
        doc='Default VM to be used as Disposable VM for service calls.')

    management_dispvm = qubes.VMProperty(
        'management_dispvm',
        load_stage=4,
        allow_none=True,
        default=_default_with_template(
            'management_dispvm',
            (lambda self: self.app.management_dispvm)),
        doc='Default DVM template for Disposable VM for managing this VM.')

    updateable = qubes.property(
        'updateable',
        default=(lambda self: not hasattr(self, 'template')),
        type=bool,
        setter=qubes.property.forbidden,
        doc='True if this machine may be updated on its own.')

    # for changes in keyboard_layout, see also the same property in AdminVM
    keyboard_layout = qubes.property(
        'keyboard_layout',
        default=(lambda self: getattr(self.guivm, 'keyboard_layout', 'us++')),
        type=str,
        setter=_setter_kbd_layout,
        doc='Keyboard layout for this VM')

    #
    # static, class-wide properties
    #

    #
    # properties not loaded from XML, calculated at run-time
    #

    def __str__(self):
        return self.name

    # VMM-related

    @qubes.stateless_property
    def xid(self):
        """Xen ID.

        Or not Xen, but ID.
        """

        if self.libvirt_domain is None:
            return -1
        try:
            if self.is_running():
                return self.libvirt_domain.ID()

            return -1
        except libvirt.libvirtError as e:
            if e.get_error_code() == libvirt.VIR_ERR_NO_DOMAIN:
                return -1
            self.log.exception('libvirt error code: {!r}'.format(
                e.get_error_code()))
            raise

    @qubes.stateless_property
    def stubdom_xid(self):
        if not self.is_running():
            return -1

        if self.app.vmm.xs is None:
            return -1

        stubdom_xid_str = self.app.vmm.xs.read(
            '', '/local/domain/{}/image/device-model-domid'.format(
                self.xid))
        if stubdom_xid_str is None or not stubdom_xid_str.isdigit():
            return -1

        return int(stubdom_xid_str)

    @property
    def attached_volumes(self):
        result = []
        xml_desc = self.libvirt_domain.XMLDesc()
        xml = lxml.etree.fromstring(xml_desc)
        for disk in xml.xpath("//domain/devices/disk"):
            if disk.find('backenddomain') is not None:
                pool_name = 'p_%s' % disk.find('backenddomain').get('name')
                pool = self.app.pools[pool_name]
                vid = disk.find('source').get('dev').split('/dev/')[1]
                for volume in pool.volumes:
                    if volume.vid == vid:
                        result += [volume]
                        break

        return result + list(self.volumes.values())

    @property
    def libvirt_domain(self):
        """Libvirt domain object from libvirt.

        May be :py:obj:`None`, if libvirt knows nothing about this domain.
        """

        if self._libvirt_domain is not None:
            return self._libvirt_domain

        if self.app.vmm.offline_mode:
            return None

        # XXX _update_libvirt_domain?
        try:
            self._libvirt_domain = self.app.vmm.libvirt_conn.lookupByUUID(
                self.uuid.bytes)
        except libvirt.libvirtError as e:
            if e.get_error_code() == libvirt.VIR_ERR_NO_DOMAIN:
                self._update_libvirt_domain()
            else:
                raise
        return self._libvirt_domain

    @property
    def block_devices(self):
        """ Return all :py:class:`qubes.storage.BlockDevice` for current domain
        for serialization in the libvirt XML template as <disk>.
        """
        for v in self.volumes.values():
            block_dev = v.block_device()
            if block_dev is not None:
                yield block_dev

    @property
    def untrusted_qdb(self):
        """QubesDB handle for this domain."""
        if self._qdb_connection is None:
            if self.is_running():
                import qubesdb  # pylint: disable=import-error
                self._qdb_connection = qubesdb.QubesDB(self.name)
        return self._qdb_connection

    @property
    def dir_path(self):
        """Root directory for files related to this domain"""
        return os.path.join(
            qubes.config.qubes_base_dir,
            self.dir_path_prefix,
            self.name)

    @property
    def conf_file(self):
        return os.path.join(self.dir_path, 'libvirt.xml')

    # network-related

    #
    # constructor
    #

    def __init__(self, app, xml, volume_config=None, **kwargs):
        # migrate renamed properties
        if xml is not None:
            node_hvm = xml.find('./properties/property[@name=\'hvm\']')
            if node_hvm is not None:
                if qubes.property.bool(None, None, node_hvm.text):
                    kwargs['virt_mode'] = 'hvm'
                else:
                    kwargs['virt_mode'] = 'pv'
                node_hvm.getparent().remove(node_hvm)

        super().__init__(app, xml, **kwargs)

        if volume_config is None:
            volume_config = {}

        if hasattr(self, 'volume_config'):
            if xml is not None:
                for node in xml.xpath('volume-config/volume'):
                    name = node.get('name')
                    assert name
                    for key, value in node.items():
                        # pylint: disable=no-member
                        if value == 'True':
                            value = True
                        try:
                            self.volume_config[name][key] = value
                        except KeyError:
                            self.volume_config[name] = {key: value}

            for name, conf in volume_config.items():
                for key, value in conf.items():
                    # pylint: disable=no-member
                    try:
                        self.volume_config[name][key] = value
                    except KeyError:
                        self.volume_config[name] = {key: value}

        elif volume_config:
            raise TypeError(
                'volume_config specified, but {} did not expect that.'.format(
                    self.__class__.__name__))

        # Init private attrs

        self._libvirt_domain = None
        self._qdb_connection = None

        # We assume a fully halted VM here. The 'domain-init' handler will
        # check if the VM is already running.
        self._domain_stopped_event_received = True
        self._domain_stopped_event_handled = True

        self._domain_stopped_future = None

        # Internal lock to ensure ordering between _domain_stopped_coro() and
        # start(). This should not be accessed anywhere else.
        self._domain_stopped_lock = asyncio.Lock()

        if xml is None:
            # we are creating new VM and attributes came through kwargs
            assert hasattr(self, 'qid')
            assert hasattr(self, 'name')

        if xml is None:
            # new qube, disable updates check if requested for new qubes
            # SEE: 1637 when features are done, migrate to plugin
            if not self.app.check_updates_vm:
                self.features['check-updates'] = False

        # will be initialized after loading all the properties

        #: operations which shouldn't happen simultaneously with qube startup
        #  (including another startup of the same qube)
        self.startup_lock = asyncio.Lock()

        # fire hooks
        if xml is None:
            self.events_enabled = True
        self.fire_event('domain-init')

    def close(self):
        if self._qdb_connection is not None:
            self._qdb_connection.close()
            self._qdb_connection = None
        if self._libvirt_domain is not None:
            self._libvirt_domain = None
        super().close()

    def __hash__(self):
        return self.qid

    def __lt__(self, other):
        return self.name < other.name

    def __xml__(self):
        # pylint: disable=no-member
        element = super().__xml__()
        # pylint: enable=no-member

        if hasattr(self, 'volumes'):
            volume_config_node = lxml.etree.Element('volume-config')
            for volume in self.volumes.values():
                volume_config_node.append(volume.__xml__())
            element.append(volume_config_node)

        return element

    #
    # event handlers
    #

    @qubes.events.handler('domain-init', 'domain-load')
    def on_domain_init_loaded(self, event):
        # pylint: disable=unused-argument
        if not hasattr(self, 'uuid'):
            # pylint: disable=attribute-defined-outside-init
            self.uuid = uuid.uuid4()

        # Initialize VM image storage class;
        # it might be already initialized by a recursive call from a child VM
        if self.storage is None:
            self.storage = qubes.storage.Storage(self)

        if not self.app.vmm.offline_mode and self.is_running():
            self.start_qdb_watch()
            self._domain_stopped_event_received = False
            self._domain_stopped_event_handled = False

    @qubes.events.handler('property-set:label')
    def on_property_set_label(self, event, name, newvalue, oldvalue=None):
        # pylint: disable=unused-argument
        # icon is calculated based on label
        self.fire_event('property-reset:icon', name='icon')

    @qubes.events.handler('property-pre-set:kernel')
    def on_property_pre_set_kernel(self, event, name, newvalue, oldvalue=None):
        # pylint: disable=unused-argument
        if not newvalue:
            return
        dirname = os.path.join(
            qubes.config.qubes_base_dir,
            qubes.config.system_path['qubes_kernels_base_dir'],
            newvalue)
        if not os.path.exists(dirname):
            raise qubes.exc.QubesPropertyValueError(
                self, self.property_get_def(name), newvalue,
                'Kernel {!r} not installed'.format(
                    newvalue))
        for filename in ('vmlinuz', 'initramfs'):
            if not os.path.exists(os.path.join(dirname, filename)):
                raise qubes.exc.QubesPropertyValueError(
                    self, self.property_get_def(name), newvalue,
                    'Kernel {!r} not properly installed: '
                    'missing {!r} file'.format(
                        newvalue, filename))

    @qubes.events.handler('property-pre-set:autostart')
    def on_property_pre_set_autostart(self, event, name, newvalue,
                                      oldvalue=None):
        # pylint: disable=unused-argument
        # workaround https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1181922
        if newvalue:
            retcode = subprocess.call(
                ["sudo", "ln", "-sf",
                 "/usr/lib/systemd/system/qubes-vm@.service",
                 "/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/qubes-vm@"
                 "{}.service".format(self.name)])
        else:
            retcode = subprocess.call(
                ['sudo', 'systemctl', 'disable',
                 'qubes-vm@{}.service'.format(self.name)])
        if retcode:
            raise qubes.exc.QubesException(
                'Failed to set autostart for VM in systemd')

    @qubes.events.handler('property-pre-reset:autostart')
    def on_property_pre_reset_autostart(self, event, name, oldvalue=None):
        # pylint: disable=unused-argument
        if oldvalue:
            retcode = subprocess.call(
                ['sudo', 'systemctl', 'disable',
                 'qubes-vm@{}.service'.format(self.name)])
            if retcode:
                raise qubes.exc.QubesException(
                    'Failed to reset autostart for VM in systemd')

    @qubes.events.handler('domain-remove-from-disk')
    def on_remove_from_disk(self, event, **kwargs):
        # pylint: disable=unused-argument
        if self.autostart:
            subprocess.call(
                ['sudo', 'systemctl', 'disable',
                 'qubes-vm@{}.service'.format(self.name)])

    @qubes.events.handler('domain-create-on-disk')
    def on_create_on_disk(self, event, **kwargs):
        # pylint: disable=unused-argument
        if self.autostart:
            subprocess.call(
                ['sudo', 'systemctl', 'enable',
                 'qubes-vm@{}.service'.format(self.name)])

    #
    # methods for changing domain state
    #

    @asyncio.coroutine
    def _ensure_shutdown_handled(self):
        """Make sure previous shutdown is fully handled.
        MUST NOT be called when domain is running.
        """
        with (yield from self._domain_stopped_lock):
            # Don't accept any new stopped event's till a new VM has been
            # created. If we didn't received any stopped event or it wasn't
            # handled yet we will handle this in the next lines.
            self._domain_stopped_event_received = True

            if self._domain_stopped_future is not None:
                # Libvirt stopped event was already received, so cancel the
                # future. If it didn't generate the Qubes events yet we
                # will do it below.
                self._domain_stopped_future.cancel()
                self._domain_stopped_future = None

            if not self._domain_stopped_event_handled:
                # No Qubes domain-stopped events have been generated yet.
                # So do this now.

                # Set this immediately such that we don't generate events
                # twice if an exception gets thrown.
                self._domain_stopped_event_handled = True

                yield from self.fire_event_async('domain-stopped')
                yield from self.fire_event_async('domain-shutdown')

    @asyncio.coroutine
    def start(self, start_guid=True, notify_function=None,
              mem_required=None):
        """Start domain

        :param bool start_guid: FIXME
        :param collections.abc.Callable notify_function: FIXME
        :param int mem_required: FIXME
        """

        with (yield from self.startup_lock):
            # check if domain wasn't removed in the meantime
            if self not in self.app.domains:
                raise qubes.exc.QubesVMNotFoundError(self.name)
            # Intentionally not used is_running(): eliminate also "Paused",
            # "Crashed", "Halting"
            if self.get_power_state() != 'Halted':
                return self

            yield from self._ensure_shutdown_handled()

            self.log.info('Starting {}'.format(self.name))

            try:
                yield from self.fire_event_async('domain-pre-start',
                                                 pre_event=True,
                                                 start_guid=start_guid,
                                                 mem_required=mem_required)
            except Exception as exc:
                self.log.error('Start failed: %s', str(exc))
                yield from self.fire_event_async('domain-start-failed',
                                                 reason=str(exc))
                raise

            qmemman_client = None
            try:
                for devclass in self.devices:
                    for dev in self.devices[devclass].persistent():
                        if isinstance(dev, qubes.devices.UnknownDevice):
                            raise qubes.exc.QubesException(
                                '{} device {} not available'.format(
                                    devclass, dev))

                if self.virt_mode == 'pvh' and not self.kernel:
                    raise qubes.exc.QubesException(
                        'virt_mode PVH require kernel to be set')
                yield from self.storage.verify()

                if self.netvm is not None:
                    # pylint: disable = no-member
                    if self.netvm.qid != 0:
                        if not self.netvm.is_running():
                            yield from self.netvm.start(
                                start_guid=start_guid,
                                notify_function=notify_function)

                qmemman_client = yield from asyncio.get_event_loop(). \
                    run_in_executor(None, self.request_memory, mem_required)

                yield from self.storage.start()

            except Exception as exc:
                self.log.error('Start failed: %s', str(exc))
                # let anyone receiving domain-pre-start know that startup failed
                yield from self.fire_event_async('domain-start-failed',
                                                 reason=str(exc))
                if qmemman_client:
                    qmemman_client.close()
                raise

            try:
                self._update_libvirt_domain()

                self.libvirt_domain.createWithFlags(
                    libvirt.VIR_DOMAIN_START_PAUSED)

                # the above allocates xid, lets announce that
                self.fire_event('property-reset:xid', name='xid')
                self.fire_event('property-reset:stubdom_xid',
                                name='stubdom_xid')
                self.fire_event('property-reset:start_time', name='start_time')
            except libvirt.libvirtError as exc:
                # missing IOMMU?
                if self.virt_mode == 'hvm' and \
                        list(self.devices['pci'].persistent()) and \
                        not self.app.host.is_iommu_supported():
                    exc = qubes.exc.QubesException(
                        'Failed to start an HVM qube with PCI devices assigned '
                        '- hardware does not support IOMMU/VT-d/AMD-Vi')
                self.log.error('Start failed: %s', str(exc))
                yield from self.fire_event_async('domain-start-failed',
                                                 reason=str(exc))
                yield from self.storage.stop()
                raise exc
            except Exception as exc:
                self.log.error('Start failed: %s', str(exc))
                # let anyone receiving domain-pre-start know that startup failed
                yield from self.fire_event_async('domain-start-failed',
                                                 reason=str(exc))
                yield from self.storage.stop()
                raise

            finally:
                if qmemman_client:
                    qmemman_client.close()

            self._domain_stopped_event_received = False
            self._domain_stopped_event_handled = False

            try:
                yield from self.fire_event_async('domain-spawn',
                                                 start_guid=start_guid)

                self.log.info('Setting Qubes DB info for the VM')
                yield from self.start_qubesdb()
                self.create_qdb_entries()
                self.start_qdb_watch()

                self.log.warning('Activating the {} VM'.format(self.name))
                self.libvirt_domain.resume()

                yield from self.start_qrexec_daemon()

                yield from self.fire_event_async('domain-start',
                                                 start_guid=start_guid)

            except Exception as exc:  # pylint: disable=bare-except
                self.log.error('Start failed: %s', str(exc))
                # This avoids losing the exception if an exception is
                # raised in self._kill_locked(), because the vm is not
                # running or paused
                try:
                    yield from self._kill_locked()
                except qubes.exc.QubesVMNotStartedError:
                    pass

                # let anyone receiving domain-pre-start know that startup failed
                yield from self.fire_event_async('domain-start-failed',
                                                 reason=str(exc))
                raise

        return self

    def on_libvirt_domain_stopped(self):
        """ Handle VIR_DOMAIN_EVENT_STOPPED events from libvirt.

        This is not a Qubes event handler. Instead we do some sanity checks
        and synchronization with start() and then emits Qubes events.
        """

        state = self.get_power_state()
        if state not in ['Halted', 'Crashed', 'Dying']:
            self.log.warning('Stopped event from libvirt received,'
                             ' but domain is in state {}!'.format(state))
            # ignore this unexpected event
            return

        if self._domain_stopped_event_received:
            # ignore this event - already triggered by shutdown(), kill(),
            # or subsequent start()
            return

        self._domain_stopped_event_received = True
        self._domain_stopped_future = \
            asyncio.ensure_future(self._domain_stopped_coro())

    @asyncio.coroutine
    def _domain_stopped_coro(self):
        with (yield from self._domain_stopped_lock):
            assert not self._domain_stopped_event_handled

            # Set this immediately such that we don't generate events twice if
            # an exception gets thrown.
            self._domain_stopped_event_handled = True

            while self.get_power_state() == 'Dying':
                yield from asyncio.sleep(0.25)
            yield from self.fire_event_async('domain-stopped')
            yield from self.fire_event_async('domain-shutdown')

    @qubes.events.handler('domain-stopped')
    @asyncio.coroutine
    def on_domain_stopped(self, _event, **_kwargs):
        """Cleanup after domain was stopped"""
        try:
            yield from self.storage.stop()
        except qubes.storage.StoragePoolException:
            self.log.exception('Failed to stop storage for domain %s',
                               self.name)
        self.fire_event('property-reset:xid', name='xid')
        self.fire_event('property-reset:stubdom_xid', name='stubdom_xid')
        self.fire_event('property-reset:start_time', name='start_time')

    @asyncio.coroutine
    def shutdown(self, force=False, wait=False, timeout=None):
        """Shutdown domain.

        :param force: ignored
        :param wait: wait for shutdown to complete
        :param timeout: shutdown wait timeout (for *wait*=True), defaults to
        :py:attr:`shutdown_timeout`
        :raises qubes.exc.QubesVMNotStartedError: \
            when domain is already shut down.
        """

        if self.is_halted():
            raise qubes.exc.QubesVMNotStartedError(self)

        try:
            yield from self.fire_event_async('domain-pre-shutdown',
                                             pre_event=True, force=force)

            self.libvirt_domain.shutdown()

            if wait:
                if timeout is None:
                    timeout = self.shutdown_timeout
                while timeout > 0 and not self.is_halted():
                    yield from asyncio.sleep(0.25)
                    timeout -= 0.25
                with (yield from self.startup_lock):
                    if self.is_halted():
                        # make sure all shutdown tasks are completed
                        yield from self._ensure_shutdown_handled()
                    else:
                        raise qubes.exc.QubesVMShutdownTimeoutError(self)
        except Exception as ex:
            yield from self.fire_event_async('domain-shutdown-failed',
                                             reason=str(ex))
            raise

        return self

    @asyncio.coroutine
    def kill(self):
        """Forcefully shutdown (destroy) domain.

        :raises qubes.exc.QubesVMNotStartedError: \
            when domain is already shut down.
        """

        if not self.is_running() and not self.is_paused():
            raise qubes.exc.QubesVMNotStartedError(self)

        with (yield from self.startup_lock):
            yield from self._kill_locked()

        return self

    @asyncio.coroutine
    def _kill_locked(self):
        """Forcefully shutdown (destroy) domain.

        This function needs to be called with self.startup_lock held."""
        try:
            self.libvirt_domain.destroy()
        except libvirt.libvirtError as e:
            if e.get_error_code() == libvirt.VIR_ERR_OPERATION_INVALID:
                raise qubes.exc.QubesVMNotStartedError(self)
            raise

        # make sure all shutdown tasks are completed
        yield from self._ensure_shutdown_handled()

    @asyncio.coroutine
    def suspend(self):
        """Suspend (pause) domain.

        :raises qubes.exc.QubesVMNotRunnignError: \
            when domain is already shut down.
        """

        if not self.is_running() and not self.is_paused():
            raise qubes.exc.QubesVMNotRunningError(self)

        if list(self.devices['pci'].attached()):
            if self.features.check_with_template('qrexec', False):
                yield from self.run_service_for_stdio('qubes.SuspendPre',
                                                      user='root')
            self.libvirt_domain.pMSuspendForDuration(
                libvirt.VIR_NODE_SUSPEND_TARGET_MEM, 0, 0)
        else:
            self.libvirt_domain.suspend()

        return self

    @asyncio.coroutine
    def pause(self):
        """Pause (suspend) domain."""

        if not self.is_running():
            raise qubes.exc.QubesVMNotRunningError(self)

        self.libvirt_domain.suspend()

        return self

    @asyncio.coroutine
    def resume(self):
        """Resume suspended domain.

        :raises qubes.exc.QubesVMNotSuspendedError: when machine is not paused
        :raises qubes.exc.QubesVMError: when machine is suspended
        """

        # pylint: disable=not-an-iterable
        if self.get_power_state() == "Suspended":
            self.libvirt_domain.pMWakeup()
            if self.features.check_with_template('qrexec', False):
                yield from self.run_service_for_stdio('qubes.SuspendPost',
                                                      user='root')
        else:
            yield from self.unpause()

        return self

    @asyncio.coroutine
    def unpause(self):
        """Resume (unpause) a domain"""
        if not self.is_paused():
            raise qubes.exc.QubesVMNotPausedError(self)

        self.libvirt_domain.resume()

        return self

    @asyncio.coroutine
    def run_service(self, service, source=None, user=None,
                    filter_esc=False, autostart=False, gui=False, **kwargs):
        """Run service on this VM

        :param str service: service name
        :param qubes.vm.qubesvm.QubesVM source: source domain as presented to
            this VM
        :param str user: username to run service as
        :param bool filter_esc: filter escape sequences to protect terminal \
            emulator
        :param bool autostart: if :py:obj:`True`, machine will be started if \
            it is not running
        :param bool gui: when autostarting, also start gui daemon
        :rtype: asyncio.subprocess.Process

        .. note::
            User ``root`` is redefined to ``SYSTEM`` in the Windows agent code
        """

        # UNSUPPORTED from previous incarnation:
        #   localcmd, wait, passio*, notify_function, `-e` switch
        #
        # - passio* and friends depend on params to command (like in stdlib)
        # - the filter_esc is orthogonal to passio*
        # - input: see run_service_for_stdio
        # - wait has no purpose since this is asynchronous
        # - notify_function is gone

        source = 'dom0' if source is None else self.app.domains[source].name

        if user is None:
            user = self.default_user

        if self.is_paused():
            # XXX what about autostart?
            raise qubes.exc.QubesVMNotRunningError(
                self, 'Domain {!r} is paused'.format(self.name))
        if not self.is_running():
            if not autostart:
                raise qubes.exc.QubesVMNotRunningError(self)
            yield from self.start(start_guid=gui)

        if not self.is_qrexec_running():
            raise qubes.exc.QubesVMError(
                self, 'Domain {!r}: qrexec not connected'.format(self.name))

        yield from self.fire_event_async('domain-cmd-pre-run', pre_event=True,
                                         start_guid=gui)

        return (yield from asyncio.create_subprocess_exec(
            qubes.config.system_path['qrexec_client_path'],
            '-d', str(self.name),
            *(('-t', '-T') if filter_esc else ()),
            '{}:QUBESRPC {} {}'.format(user, service, source),
            **kwargs))

    @asyncio.coroutine
    def run_service_for_stdio(self, *args, input=None, **kwargs):
        """Run a service, pass an optional input and return (stdout, stderr).

        Raises an exception if return code != 0.

        *args* and *kwargs* are passed verbatim to :py:meth:`run_service`.

        .. warning::
            There are some combinations if stdio-related *kwargs*, which are
            not filtered for problems originating between the keyboard and the
            chair.
        """  # pylint: disable=redefined-builtin

        kwargs.setdefault('stdin', subprocess.PIPE)
        kwargs.setdefault('stdout', subprocess.PIPE)
        kwargs.setdefault('stderr', subprocess.PIPE)
        if kwargs['stdin'] == subprocess.PIPE and input is None:
            # workaround for https://bugs.python.org/issue39744
            input = b''
        p = yield from self.run_service(*args, **kwargs)

        # this one is actually a tuple, but there is no need to unpack it
        stdouterr = yield from p.communicate(input=input)

        if p.returncode:
            raise subprocess.CalledProcessError(p.returncode,
                                                args[0], *stdouterr)

        return stdouterr

    def run(self, command, user=None, **kwargs):
        """Run a shell command inside the domain using qrexec.

        This method is a coroutine.
        """  # pylint: disable=redefined-builtin

        if user is None:
            user = self.default_user

        return asyncio.create_subprocess_exec(
            qubes.config.system_path['qrexec_client_path'],
            '-d', str(self.name),
            '{}:{}'.format(user, command),
            **kwargs)

    @asyncio.coroutine
    def run_for_stdio(self, *args, input=None, **kwargs):
        """Run a shell command inside the domain using qrexec.

        This method is a coroutine.
        """  # pylint: disable=redefined-builtin

        kwargs.setdefault('stdin', subprocess.PIPE)
        kwargs.setdefault('stdout', subprocess.PIPE)
        kwargs.setdefault('stderr', subprocess.PIPE)
        if kwargs['stdin'] == subprocess.PIPE and input is None:
            # workaround for https://bugs.python.org/issue39744
            input = b''
        p = yield from self.run(*args, **kwargs)
        stdouterr = yield from p.communicate(input=input)

        if p.returncode:
            raise subprocess.CalledProcessError(p.returncode,
                                                args[0], *stdouterr)

        return stdouterr

    def is_memory_balancing_possible(self):
        """Check if memory balancing can be enabled.
        Reasons to not enable it:
         - have PCI devices
         - balloon driver not present

        We don't have reliable way to detect the second point, but good
        heuristic is HVM virt_mode (PV and PVH require OS support and it does
        include balloon driver) and lack of qrexec/meminfo-writer service
        support (no qubes tools installed).
        """
        if list(self.devices['pci'].persistent()):
            return False
        if self.virt_mode == 'hvm':
            # if VM announce any supported service
            features_set = set(self.features)
            template = getattr(self, 'template', None)
            while template is not None:
                features_set.update(template.features)
                template = getattr(template, 'template', None)
            supported_services = any(f.startswith('supported-service.')
                                     for f in features_set)
            if (not self.features.check_with_template('qrexec', False) or
                    (supported_services and
                     not self.features.check_with_template(
                         'supported-service.meminfo-writer', False))):
                return False
        return True

    def request_memory(self, mem_required=None):
        if not qmemman_present:
            return None

        if mem_required is None:
            if self.virt_mode == 'hvm':
                if self.stubdom_mem:
                    stubdom_mem = self.stubdom_mem
                else:
                    if self.features.check_with_template('linux-stubdom', True):
                        stubdom_mem = 128  # from libxl_create.c
                    else:
                        stubdom_mem = 28  # from libxl_create.c
                stubdom_mem += 16  # video ram
            else:
                stubdom_mem = 0

            initial_memory = self.memory
            mem_required = int(initial_memory + stubdom_mem) * 1024 * 1024

        qmemman_client = qubes.qmemman.client.QMemmanClient()
        try:
            mem_required_with_overhead = mem_required + MEM_OVERHEAD_BASE \
                                         + self.vcpus * MEM_OVERHEAD_PER_VCPU
            got_memory = qmemman_client.request_memory(
                mem_required_with_overhead)

        except IOError as e:
            raise IOError('Failed to connect to qmemman: {!s}'.format(e))

        if not got_memory:
            qmemman_client.close()
            raise qubes.exc.QubesMemoryError(self)

        return qmemman_client

    @staticmethod
    @asyncio.coroutine
    def start_daemon(*command, input=None, **kwargs):
        """Start a daemon for the VM

        This function take care to run it as appropriate user.

        :param command: command to run (array for
            :py:meth:`subprocess.check_call`)
        :param kwargs: args for :py:meth:`subprocess.check_call`
        :return: None
        """  # pylint: disable=redefined-builtin

        if os.getuid() == 0:
            # try to always have VM daemons running as normal user, otherwise
            # some files (like clipboard) may be created as root and cause
            # permission problems
            qubes_group = grp.getgrnam('qubes')
            command = ['runuser', '-u', qubes_group.gr_mem[0], '--'] + \
                      list(command)
        p = yield from asyncio.create_subprocess_exec(*command, **kwargs)
        stdout, stderr = yield from p.communicate(input=input)
        if p.returncode:
            raise subprocess.CalledProcessError(p.returncode, command,
                                                output=stdout, stderr=stderr)

    @asyncio.coroutine
    def start_qrexec_daemon(self):
        """Start qrexec daemon.

        :raises OSError: when starting fails.
        """

        self.log.debug('Starting the qrexec daemon')
        qrexec_args = [str(self.xid), self.name, self.default_user]
        if not self.debug:
            qrexec_args.insert(0, "-q")

        qrexec_env = os.environ.copy()
        if not self.features.check_with_template('qrexec', False):
            self.log.debug(
                'Starting the qrexec daemon in background, because of features')
            qrexec_env['QREXEC_STARTUP_NOWAIT'] = '1'
        else:
            qrexec_env['QREXEC_STARTUP_TIMEOUT'] = str(self.qrexec_timeout)

        try:
            yield from self.start_daemon(
                qubes.config.system_path['qrexec_daemon_path'], *qrexec_args,
                env=qrexec_env, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
        except subprocess.CalledProcessError as err:
            if err.returncode == 3:
                raise qubes.exc.QubesVMError(
                    self,
                    'Cannot connect to qrexec agent for {} seconds, '
                    'see /var/log/xen/console/guest-{}.log for details'.format(
                        self.qrexec_timeout, self.name
                    ))
            raise qubes.exc.QubesVMError(
                self, 'qrexec-daemon startup failed: ' + err.stderr.decode())

    @asyncio.coroutine
    def start_qubesdb(self):
        """Start QubesDB daemon.

        :raises OSError: when starting fails.
        """

        # drop old connection to QubesDB, if any
        self._qdb_connection = None

        self.log.info('Starting Qubes DB')
        try:
            yield from self.start_daemon(
                qubes.config.system_path['qubesdb_daemon_path'],
                str(self.xid),
                self.name)
        except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
            raise qubes.exc.QubesException('Cannot execute qubesdb-daemon')

    @asyncio.coroutine
    def create_on_disk(self, pool=None, pools=None):
        """Create files needed for VM.
        """

        self.log.info('Creating directory: {0}'.format(self.dir_path))
        os.makedirs(self.dir_path, mode=0o775, exist_ok=True)

        if pool or pools:
            # pylint: disable=attribute-defined-outside-init
            self.volume_config = _patch_volume_config(self.volume_config, pool,
                                                      pools)
            self.storage = qubes.storage.Storage(self)

        try:
            yield from self.storage.create()
        except:
            try:
                yield from self.storage.remove()
                os.rmdir(self.dir_path)
            except:  # pylint: disable=bare-except
                self.log.exception('failed to cleanup {} after failed VM '
                                   'creation'.format(self.dir_path))
            raise

        # fire hooks
        yield from self.fire_event_async('domain-create-on-disk')

    @asyncio.coroutine
    def remove_from_disk(self):
        """Remove domain remnants from disk."""
        if not self.is_halted():
            raise qubes.exc.QubesVMNotHaltedError(
                "Can't remove VM {!s}, because it's in state {!r}.".format(
                    self, self.get_power_state()))

        # make sure shutdown is handled before removing anything, but only if
        # handling is pending; if not, we may be called from within
        # domain-shutdown event (DispVM._auto_cleanup), which would deadlock
        if not self._domain_stopped_event_handled:
            yield from self._ensure_shutdown_handled()

        yield from self.fire_event_async('domain-remove-from-disk')
        try:
            yield from self.storage.remove()
        finally:
            try:
                # TODO: make it async?
                shutil.rmtree(self.dir_path)
            except FileNotFoundError:
                pass

    @asyncio.coroutine
    def clone_disk_files(self, src, pool=None, pools=None, ):
        """Clone files from other vm.

        :param qubes.vm.qubesvm.QubesVM src: source VM
        """

        # If the current vm name is not a part of `self.app.domains.keys()`,
        # then the current vm is in creation process. Calling
        # `self.is_halted()` at this point, would instantiate libvirt, we want
        # avoid that.
        if self.name in self.app.domains.keys() and not self.is_halted():
            raise qubes.exc.QubesVMNotHaltedError(
                self, 'Cannot clone a running domain {!r}'.format(self.name))

        msg = "Destination {!s} already exists".format(self.dir_path)
        assert not os.path.exists(self.dir_path), msg

        self.log.info('Creating directory: {0}'.format(self.dir_path))
        os.makedirs(self.dir_path, mode=0o775, exist_ok=True)

        if pool or pools:
            # pylint: disable=attribute-defined-outside-init
            self.volume_config = _patch_volume_config(self.volume_config, pool,
                                                      pools)

        self.storage = qubes.storage.Storage(self)
        yield from self.storage.clone(src)
        self.storage.verify()
        assert self.volumes != {}

        # fire hooks
        yield from self.fire_event_async('domain-clone-files', src=src)

    #
    # methods for querying domain state
    #

    # state of the machine

    def get_power_state(self):
        """Return power state description string.

        Return value may be one of those:

        =============== ========================================================
        return value    meaning
        =============== ========================================================
        ``'Halted'``    Machine is not active.
        ``'Transient'`` Machine is running, but does not have :program:`guid`
                        or :program:`qrexec` available.
        ``'Running'``   Machine is ready and running.
        ``'Paused'``    Machine is paused.
        ``'Suspended'`` Machine is S3-suspended.
        ``'Halting'``   Machine is in process of shutting down.
        ``'Dying'``     Machine is still in process of shutting down.
        ``'Crashed'``   Machine crashed and is unusable, probably because of
                        bug in dom0.
        ``'NA'``        Machine is in unknown state (most likely libvirt domain
                        is undefined).
        =============== ========================================================

        FIXME: graph below may be incomplete and wrong. Click on method name to
        see its documentation.

        .. graphviz::

            digraph {
                node [fontname="sans-serif"];
                edge [fontname="mono"];


                Halted;
                NA;
                Dying;
                Crashed;
                Transient;
                Halting;
                Running;
                Paused [color=gray75 fontcolor=gray75];
                Suspended;

                NA -> Halted;
                Halted -> NA [constraint=false];

                Halted -> Transient
                    [xlabel="start()" URL="#qubes.vm.qubesvm.QubesVM.start"];
                Transient -> Running;

                Running -> Halting
                    [xlabel="shutdown()"
                        URL="#qubes.vm.qubesvm.QubesVM.shutdown"
                        constraint=false];
                Halting -> Dying -> Halted [constraint=false];

                /* cosmetic, invisible edges to put rank constraint */
                Dying -> Halting [style="invis"];
                Halting -> Transient [style="invis"];

                Running -> Halted
                    [label="kill()"
                        URL="#qubes.vm.qubesvm.QubesVM.kill"
                        constraint=false];

                Running -> Crashed [constraint=false];
                Crashed -> Halted [constraint=false];

                Running -> Paused
                    [label="pause()" URL="#qubes.vm.qubesvm.QubesVM.pause"
                        color=gray75 fontcolor=gray75];
                Running -> Suspended
                    [label="suspend()" URL="#qubes.vm.qubesvm.QubesVM.suspend"
                        color=gray50 fontcolor=gray50];
                Paused -> Running
                    [label="unpause()" URL="#qubes.vm.qubesvm.QubesVM.unpause"
                        color=gray75 fontcolor=gray75];
                Suspended -> Running
                    [label="resume()" URL="#qubes.vm.qubesvm.QubesVM.resume"
                        color=gray50 fontcolor=gray50];

                Running -> Suspended
                    [label="suspend()" URL="#qubes.vm.qubesvm.QubesVM.suspend"];
                Suspended -> Running
                    [label="resume()" URL="#qubes.vm.qubesvm.QubesVM.resume"];


                { rank=source; Halted NA };
                { rank=same; Transient Halting };
                { rank=same; Crashed Dying };
                { rank=sink; Paused Suspended };
            }

        .. seealso::

            http://wiki.libvirt.org/page/VM_lifecycle
                Description of VM life cycle from the point of view of libvirt.

            https://libvirt.org/html/libvirt-libvirt-domain.html#virDomainState
                Libvirt's enum describing precise state of a domain.
        """  # pylint: disable=too-many-return-statements

        # don't try to define libvirt domain, if it isn't there, VM surely
        # isn't running
        # reason for this "if": allow vm.is_running() in PCI (or other
        # device) extension while constructing libvirt XML
        if self.app.vmm.offline_mode:
            return 'Halted'
        if self._libvirt_domain is None:
            try:
                self._libvirt_domain = self.app.vmm.libvirt_conn.lookupByUUID(
                    self.uuid.bytes)
            except libvirt.libvirtError as e:
                if e.get_error_code() == libvirt.VIR_ERR_NO_DOMAIN:
                    return 'Halted'
                raise

        libvirt_domain = self.libvirt_domain
        if libvirt_domain is None:
            return 'Halted'

        try:
            if libvirt_domain.isActive():
                # pylint: disable=line-too-long
                if libvirt_domain.state()[0] == libvirt.VIR_DOMAIN_PAUSED:
                    return "Paused"
                if libvirt_domain.state()[0] == libvirt.VIR_DOMAIN_CRASHED:
                    return "Crashed"
                if libvirt_domain.state()[0] == libvirt.VIR_DOMAIN_SHUTDOWN:
                    return "Halting"
                if libvirt_domain.state()[0] == libvirt.VIR_DOMAIN_SHUTOFF:
                    return "Dying"
                if libvirt_domain.state()[
                    0] == libvirt.VIR_DOMAIN_PMSUSPENDED:  # nopep8
                    return "Suspended"
                if not self.is_fully_usable():
                    return "Transient"
                return "Running"

            return 'Halted'
        except libvirt.libvirtError as e:
            if e.get_error_code() == libvirt.VIR_ERR_NO_DOMAIN:
                return 'Halted'
            raise

        assert False

    def is_halted(self):
        """ Check whether this domain's state is 'Halted'
            :returns: :py:obj:`True` if this domain is halted, \
                :py:obj:`False` otherwise.
            :rtype: bool
        """
        return self.get_power_state() == 'Halted'

    def is_running(self):
        """Check whether this domain is running.

        :returns: :py:obj:`True` if this domain is started, \
            :py:obj:`False` otherwise.
        :rtype: bool
        """

        if self.app.vmm.offline_mode:
            return False

        # don't try to define libvirt domain, if it isn't there, VM surely
        # isn't running
        # reason for this "if": allow vm.is_running() in PCI (or other
        # device) extension while constructing libvirt XML
        if self._libvirt_domain is None:
            try:
                self._libvirt_domain = self.app.vmm.libvirt_conn.lookupByUUID(
                    self.uuid.bytes)
            except libvirt.libvirtError as e:
                if e.get_error_code() == libvirt.VIR_ERR_NO_DOMAIN:
                    return False
                raise

        return bool(self.libvirt_domain.isActive())

    def is_paused(self):
        """Check whether this domain is paused.

        :returns: :py:obj:`True` if this domain is paused, \
            :py:obj:`False` otherwise.
        :rtype: bool
        """

        return self.libvirt_domain \
               and self.libvirt_domain.state()[0] == libvirt.VIR_DOMAIN_PAUSED

    def is_qrexec_running(self):
        """Check whether qrexec for this domain is available.

        :returns: :py:obj:`True` if qrexec is running, \
            :py:obj:`False` otherwise.
        :rtype: bool
        """
        if self.xid < 0:  # pylint: disable=comparison-with-callable
            return False
        return os.path.exists('/var/run/qubes/qrexec.%s' % self.name)

    def is_fully_usable(self):
        return all(self.fire_event('domain-is-fully-usable'))

    @qubes.events.handler('domain-is-fully-usable')
    def on_domain_is_fully_usable(self, event):
        """Check whether domain is running and sane.

        Currently this checks for running qrexec.
        """  # pylint: disable=unused-argument

        if self.features.check_with_template('qrexec', False):
            # Running gui-daemon implies also VM running
            yield self.is_qrexec_running()
        else:
            yield True

    # memory and disk

    def get_mem(self):
        """Get current memory usage from VM.

        :returns: Memory usage [FIXME unit].
        :rtype: FIXME
        """

        if self.libvirt_domain is None:
            return 0

        try:
            if not self.libvirt_domain.isActive():
                return 0
            return self.libvirt_domain.info()[1]

        except libvirt.libvirtError as e:
            if e.get_error_code() in (
                    # qube no longer exists
                    libvirt.VIR_ERR_NO_DOMAIN,

                    # libxl_domain_info failed (race condition from isActive)
                    libvirt.VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR):
                return 0

            self.log.exception(
                'libvirt error code: {!r}'.format(e.get_error_code()))
            raise

    def get_mem_static_max(self):
        """Get maximum memory available to VM.

        :returns: Memory limit [FIXME unit].
        :rtype: FIXME
        """

        if self.libvirt_domain is None:
            return 0

        try:
            return self.libvirt_domain.maxMemory()

        except libvirt.libvirtError as e:
            if e.get_error_code() in (
                    # qube no longer exists
                    libvirt.VIR_ERR_NO_DOMAIN,

                    # libxl_domain_info failed (race condition from isActive)
                    libvirt.VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR):
                return 0

            self.log.exception(
                'libvirt error code: {!r}'.format(e.get_error_code()))
            raise

    def get_cputime(self):
        """Get total CPU time burned by this domain since start.

        :returns: CPU time usage [FIXME unit].
        :rtype: FIXME
        """

        if self.libvirt_domain is None:
            return 0

        if self.libvirt_domain is None:
            return 0
        if not self.libvirt_domain.isActive():
            return 0

        try:
            if not self.libvirt_domain.isActive():
                return 0

            # this does not work, because libvirt
            # return self.libvirt_domain.getCPUStats(
            #      libvirt.VIR_NODE_CPU_STATS_ALL_CPUS, 0)[0]['cpu_time']/10**9

            return self.libvirt_domain.info()[4]

        except libvirt.libvirtError as e:
            if e.get_error_code() in (
                    # qube no longer exists
                    libvirt.VIR_ERR_NO_DOMAIN,

                    # libxl_domain_info failed (race condition from isActive)
                    libvirt.VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR):
                return 0

            self.log.exception(
                'libvirt error code: {!r}'.format(e.get_error_code()))
            raise

    # miscellanous

    @qubes.stateless_property
    def start_time(self):
        """Tell when machine was started.

        :rtype: float or None
        """
        if not self.is_running():
            return None

        # TODO shouldn't this be qubesdb?
        start_time = self.app.vmm.xs.read('',
                                          '/vm/{}/start_time'.format(self.uuid))
        if start_time != '':
            return float(start_time)

        return None

    @qubes.stateless_property
    def icon(self):
        """freedesktop icon name, suitable for use in
        :py:meth:`PyQt4.QtGui.QIcon.fromTheme`"""
        #  pylint: disable=comparison-with-callable
        raw_icon_name = self.label.name
        if self.klass == 'TemplateVM':
            return 'templatevm-' + raw_icon_name
        if self.klass == 'DispVM':
            return 'dispvm-' + raw_icon_name
        if self.features.get('servicevm', False):
            return 'servicevm-' + raw_icon_name
        return 'appvm-' + raw_icon_name

    @property
    def kernelopts_common(self):
        """Kernel options which should be used in addition to *kernelopts*
        property.

        This is specific to kernel (and initrd if any)
        """
        if not self.kernel:
            return ''
        kernels_dir = self.storage.kernels_dir

        kernelopts_path = os.path.join(kernels_dir,
                                       'default-kernelopts-common.txt')
        if os.path.exists(kernelopts_path):
            with open(kernelopts_path) as f_kernelopts:
                return f_kernelopts.read().rstrip('\n\r')
        else:
            return qubes.config.defaults['kernelopts_common']

    #
    # helper methods
    #

    def relative_path(self, path):
        """Return path relative to py:attr:`dir_path`.

        :param str path: Path in question.
        :returns: Relative path.
        """

        return os.path.relpath(path, self.dir_path)

    def create_qdb_entries(self):
        """Create entries in Qubes DB.
        """
        # pylint: disable=no-member

        self.untrusted_qdb.write('/name', self.name)
        self.untrusted_qdb.write('/type', self.__class__.__name__)
        self.untrusted_qdb.write('/default-user', self.default_user)
        self.untrusted_qdb.write('/qubes-vm-updateable', str(self.updateable))
        self.untrusted_qdb.write('/qubes-vm-persistence',
                                 'full' if self.updateable else 'rw-only')
        self.untrusted_qdb.write('/qubes-debug-mode', str(int(self.debug)))
        try:
            self.untrusted_qdb.write('/qubes-base-template', self.template.name)
        except AttributeError:
            self.untrusted_qdb.write('/qubes-base-template', '')

        self.untrusted_qdb.write('/qubes-random-seed',
                                 base64.b64encode(qubes.utils.urandom(64)))

        if self.provides_network:
            # '/qubes-netvm-network' value is only checked for being non empty
            self.untrusted_qdb.write('/qubes-netvm-network', str(self.gateway))
            self.untrusted_qdb.write('/qubes-netvm-gateway', str(self.gateway))
            if self.gateway6:  # pylint: disable=using-constant-test
                self.untrusted_qdb.write('/qubes-netvm-gateway6',
                                         str(self.gateway6))
            self.untrusted_qdb.write('/qubes-netvm-netmask', str(self.netmask))

            for i, addr in zip(('primary', 'secondary'), self.dns):
                self.untrusted_qdb.write('/qubes-netvm-{}-dns'.format(i), addr)

        if self.netvm is not None:
            self.untrusted_qdb.write('/qubes-mac', str(self.mac))
            self.untrusted_qdb.write('/qubes-ip', str(self.visible_ip))
            self.untrusted_qdb.write('/qubes-netmask',
                                     str(self.visible_netmask))
            self.untrusted_qdb.write('/qubes-gateway',
                                     str(self.visible_gateway))

            for i, addr in zip(('primary', 'secondary'), self.dns):
                self.untrusted_qdb.write('/qubes-{}-dns'.format(i), str(addr))

            if self.visible_ip6:  # pylint: disable=using-constant-test
                self.untrusted_qdb.write('/qubes-ip6', str(self.visible_ip6))
            if self.visible_gateway6:  # pylint: disable=using-constant-test
                self.untrusted_qdb.write('/qubes-gateway6',
                                         str(self.visible_gateway6))

        tzname = qubes.utils.get_timezone()
        if tzname:
            self.untrusted_qdb.write('/qubes-timezone', tzname)

        self.untrusted_qdb.write('/qubes-block-devices', '')
        self.untrusted_qdb.write('/qubes-usb-devices', '')

        # TODO: Currently the whole qmemman is quite Xen-specific, so stay with
        # xenstore for it until decided otherwise
        if qmemman_present:
            self.app.vmm.xs.set_permissions('',
                                            '/local/domain/{}/memory'.format(
                                                self.xid),
                                            [{'dom': self.xid}])

        self.fire_event('domain-qdb-create')

    # TODO async; update this in constructor
    def _update_libvirt_domain(self):
        """Re-initialise :py:attr:`libvirt_domain`."""
        domain_config = self.create_config_file()
        try:
            self._libvirt_domain = self.app.vmm.libvirt_conn.defineXML(
                domain_config)
        except libvirt.libvirtError as e:
            if e.get_error_code() == libvirt.VIR_ERR_OS_TYPE \
                    and e.get_str2() == 'hvm':
                raise qubes.exc.QubesVMError(
                    self,
                    'HVM qubes are not supported on this machine. '
                    'Check BIOS settings for VT-x/AMD-V extensions.')
            raise

    #
    # workshop -- those are to be reworked later
    #

    def get_prefmem(self):
        # TODO: qmemman is still xen specific
        untrusted_meminfo_key = self.app.vmm.xs.read(
            '', '/local/domain/{}/memory/meminfo'.format(self.xid))

        if untrusted_meminfo_key is None or untrusted_meminfo_key == '':
            return 0

        domain = qubes.qmemman.DomainState(self.xid)
        qubes.qmemman.algo.refresh_meminfo_for_domain(
            domain, untrusted_meminfo_key)
        if domain.mem_used is None:
            # apparently invalid xenstore content
            return 0
        domain.memory_maximum = self.get_mem_static_max() * 1024

        return qubes.qmemman.algo.prefmem(domain) / 1024


def _clean_volume_config(config):
    common_attributes = ['name', 'pool', 'size',
                         'rw', 'snap_on_start',
                         'save_on_stop', 'source']
    return {k: v for k, v in config.items() if k in common_attributes}


def _patch_pool_config(config, pool=None, pools=None):
    assert pool is not None or pools is not None
    is_snapshot = config['snap_on_start']
    is_rw = config['rw']

    name = config['name']

    if pool and not is_snapshot and is_rw:
        config['pool'] = str(pool)
    elif pool:
        pass
    elif pools and name in pools.keys():
        if not is_snapshot:
            config['pool'] = str(pools[name])
        else:
            msg = "Snapshot volume {0!s} must be in the same pool as its " \
                  "origin ({0!s} volume of template)," \
                  "cannot move to pool {1!s} " \
                .format(name, pools[name])
            raise qubes.exc.QubesException(msg)
    return config


def _patch_volume_config(volume_config, pool=None, pools=None):
    assert not (pool and pools), \
        'You can not pass pool & pools parameter at same time'
    assert pool or pools

    result = {}

    for name, config in volume_config.items():
        # copy only the subset of volume_config key/values
        dst_config = _clean_volume_config(config)

        if pool is not None or pools is not None:
            dst_config = _patch_pool_config(dst_config, pool, pools)

        result[name] = dst_config

    return result